Philosophy

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Main Ideas

• The Nature of Reality
• The Hard Problem of Consciousness
• The Philosophy of the Mind

Branches

Accepted widely, Philosophy is broken into four main branches

1. Metaphysics
   • Definition: Reality, classically known as Being.
   • Concepts within this branch
     1. Being
     2. Becoming
     3. Nature
     4. Essence
     5. Causation
     6. Space-time
     7. Number
     8. God
   • Questions asked within this branch
     1. What is real and what is apparent in our experience?
     2. What is ultimate reality, or what is the ground of reality?
     3. Is there some aspect of reality which can help us to explain all the other aspects of reality or appearance?
     4. Are there non-sensible realities?
     5. Are there other realities that cannot be known to our five senses?
2. Epistemology
   • Definition: Knowledge, classically known as Truth.
   • Concepts within this branch
     1. Truth
     2. Doubt
     3. Method
     4. Senses
     5. Reason
     6. Intuition
     7. Perception
   • Questions asked within this branch
     1. How can we escape skepticism?
     2. Can we know anything or are we doomed to have a series of opinions?
     3. What are the boundaries of human knowing?
     4. Are there certain things that are unknowable for human minds?
     5. What methods reliably produce truth?
     6. What is the character of truth?
3. Ethics
   • Definition: Values (Value Theory), classically known as Goodness or Beauty.
   • Concepts within this branch
     1. Right & Wrong
     2. Good & Evil
     3. Virtue & Vice
     4. Happiness/Flourishing
     5. Beauty
     6. Justice
   • Questions asked within this branch
     1. How ought I to behave?
     2. How should I govern my decisions?
     3. Are certain actions obligatory or forbidden for me, and on what grounds?
     4. How should politics and society be organized?
     5. What do I owe other people?
     6. What is the nature of my experience of beauty?
     7. What is art?
4. Anthropology
   • Definition: Self (Philosophy of Human Nature), classically known as Man.
   • Concepts within this branch
     1. Self
     2. Dignity
     3. Purpose
     4. Self-knowledge
     5. Freedom
     6. Obligation
   • Questions asked within this branch
     1. What am I?
     2. What is the human person?
     3. Is my selfhood dependent upon my relation to others? And if so, how?
     4. How should I relate to others, including divine beings, if there are any?
     5. Am I free or determined in my choices of actions?

People

• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Fredrich Nietzsche
• Thomas Hobbes
• Isaiah Berlin